Translated by Soden as 'Verdickung an Leber und Lunge'); in both sources not differentiated from gipšu 'mass'

    Cf. what may be a derived verb in MOD ETH: TNA gʷämbäs bälä 'inchinarsi per rispetto' [Bass 866]; AMH gʷäbbäsä 'to be bent, bowed' [K 1979], tägʷänabbäsä 'to walk crouching or bent over' [ibid. 2003]; MUH SOD (a)gʷǝnäbbäsä, GOG agʷnäbbäsä 'to be bent, be inclined, bend down' [ibid.]

    This interpretation appears to be more supported by the context (mḥrm gnztn 'sanctuary of the dead' = 'cemetery', cf. [ibid.]) than 'funeral (n.) ?' given in [SD 50]

    United by Leslau with CHA ENN END GYE g'išä do. [ibid.] (alternatively < *gVŝŝ- {} *gVĉĉ-, see No. ); all considered borrowing from E. CUSH guǧǧu (KAMBATTA, QABENNA, ALABA) [ibid.], but very likely SEM in view of the comparative data

    To semantic connections between 'back', 'side of body', 'body' and 'dead body, corpse' see Introduction.

    Apparently related to (derived from?) this root is SEM *gnz 'to wrap up the corps, to prepare a body for funerals': ARB ǧnz 'être placé sur le brancard' (se dit du cadavre)', also 'couvrir', 'mourir', ǧanāzat-, ǧināzat- 'brancard sur lequel repose le cadavre; funérailles, convoi funèbre' [BK 1 339]; (?) SAB gnz-t 'funeral (n.)?' [SD 50] (see comments to SAB above); GEZ ganaza 'to shroud, wrap in linen, prepare a body for burial' [LGz 199], TGR gänzä 'to wrap up the corpse' [LH 588], TNA gänäzä 'to wrap the corpse in shrouds' [LGur 285], AMH gännäzä [ibid.], MUH gännäzä do. [ibid.].

    Note that SOQ genāzeh 'funérailles' [LS 112] is nearly undoubtedly an Arabism; however, génoz 'se pencher de côté, s'incliner' [LS 112] may be derived from a lost nominal form meaning 'side' related to this root.

    [DRS 156]: ARB, ESA, MSA (also SOQ 's'incliner'), ETH (verbs meaning 'to wrap the corpse'), HBR PB and JUD (verbal roots gnz 'to hide'); [LS 112]: SOQ ('se pencher de côté'; 'funérailles'), MSA ('cadavre'), ARB ('couvrir'), ETH, SYR (gǝnīzā 'trésor', with all probability an Iranian loanword < ganǯa-)

    Identified by [CAD] with kappu, but made a separate entry in [AHw], which seems right in view of the comparative data; note that in [AHw] agappu is also treated as a separate gloss [AHw 15]

    Cf. *kanp- do.

    See a derived verb in ARB ǧff 'agiter les ailes (se dit d'un oiseau qui couve)' [BK 1 302], and a reduplicated ǧfǧf 's'agiter, hérisser ses plumes et lever les ailes, comme fait un oiseau qui couve ses oeufs, à l'approche d'un ennemi' [ibid. 303].

    Cf. ETH: TGR gǝfa 'long train (of dress)' [LH 605], EAST: SEL (a)gōfe 'to wear a toga with one end on the shoulder' [LGur 266], GUR: MUH gǝfʷät 'toga' [ibid. 267], which may or may not be a meaning shift from 'wing'.

    In HBR PB and SYR the meanings 'arm, hand, palm' look like a secondary development unseparable from the main meaning 'wing' (possibly influenced by *kapp- 'palm', No. ); one wonders, however, whether a separate SEM root *ga/ip(p)- 'hand; to take with the hand' may be reconstructed if these are compared to ETH verbs: AMH gafä 'to scoop up grain which is being parched on the griddle' [K 2072] and GUR gafä (CHA, EŽA et al.) 'to take as much as possible with one or two hands' [LGur 266] (Leslau alternatively relates these examples to ETH and ARB *gḥf [ibid.], which may be preferable in view of -a-).

    There is a tradition to compare this root with SEM *gd/d_p implying a secondary formation through the loss of *-d-, which is unlikely. Cf. [DRS 102] (all under *gd/d_p-): AKK, HBR PB, ARM; [AHw 281]: AKK (gappu), HBR, ARM (gapp-), ARB (ǧaff- 'Trupp' which is untenable semantically); [AHw 15]: AKK (agappu), HBR, ARB (agapp-); [KB deutsch 1688]: BIB, ARM (forms both of the gapp-/ʔagapp- type and with -d-), HBR PB, AKK; [Holma 141]: AKK (agappu, gappu), HBR, ARM (incl. ARM gdp, ARB ǧd_f); [Brock 128]: SYR, AKK (agappu), JUD (gp, gdp), MND (gdp), ARB (ǧd_f)

    Cf. also ENN GYE gara 'loin' [ibid. 288] compared by Leslau with reservations

    Cf. SOQ ʔángeher 'derriére' [LS 66], ʕángher do. [ibid. 316] (also ʔánḳher do. [ibid. 317]); the data quoted in [SSL LS 1452] corroborate the form ʕáng(ǝ)hǝr, probably to be compared with the present root; since the component ʕan- remains unexplained, the comparison is very problematic.

    [DRS 192]: TGR, GUR; [LGur 287]: TGR, GUR

    The root is presumably derived from *garm- (ARB ǧarm- 'gosier' [BK 1 282] to which cf. GEZ gʷaryama, goryama 'to draw blood with a suction cup' [LGz 204]); its AFRASIAN origin as a four radical formation is less likely since the following BERB and CUSH examples are rather loans from ARB and TGR respectively, cf.:

    BERB: SIWA ta-gǝrǯūm-t 'gorge' [Laoust Siwa 244], QABYLE a-gǝrǯum do. [Dallet 274], SEMLAL agéržum do. [Dest TS 143].

    N. CUSH: BEJA gírgŭma 'Halsknorpel, Adamsapfel; Schlund, Kehle, Rachen' [Rein Bed 101]; C. CUSH: BILIN gŭrgŭmā́, AUNGI gárgŭm do. [ibid.], KUNFAL gurgum [Bla Bed 12, apud Cowley]; cf. E. CUSH: AFAR gŭrdumḗ, SAHO du_rgŭmā́ 'Schlund, Rachen, Kehle' [Rein Afar 852] (dissimilation < *gurgum- or *gurd-um- < AFRAS *g(ʷ)arṭ/d-?).

    Cf. *girān'throat' (No. ), *gʷargʷar- 'throat, gullet' (No. ).

    [DRS 175]: MND, ARM MGHR, TGR; [DM 85]: MND (compared to HBR and SYR forms from *grgr)

    Cf. garmītā 'a small bone or sinew' [Ja 270] (the form is probably influenced by garmīdā 'arm, elbow, cubit' [ibid. 270])

    Cf. also ʔagrūmǝtā 'cadaver' [ibid.] (with the ʔa- prefix), probably developed from the lost meaning 'body'

    The latter three forms look like broken plural, though not marked as such in [BK].

    Cf. ǧarām-, ǧurām- 'noyau de dattes'; a meaning shift from 'bone'

    Though as an anatomic term attested in C. SEM only, possibly has cognates with various meaning shifts in ETH, cf. TGR gǝrmi 'large split thorn' [LH 573] (< 'bone'?). Cf. also EAST: SEL gurman, WOL gurm, ZWY gurmi 'stump of tree, trunk of tree, log' [LGur 294]; GUR: MSQ GOG gurma, MUH SOD gurmä do.; for a semantic connection between 'body' and 'trunk' cf. LATIN truncus (however, Leslau may be right relating these GUR forms to the verb *grm 'to cut off' attested in AMH and ARB [ibid.]).

    Another case of a plausible semantic development see in SAB grm 'terrible, majestic, etc.' [SD 50] and GEZ garama 'to be frightful, awesome, to become formidable, admirable' (with cognates throughout ETH) [LGz 203]; for a similar meaning shift see Introduction.

    Still another assumed shift of meaning from 'body' see in MHR gǝrǝmēt 'sweet little child' [JM 124]; for this and similar developments, cf. Introduction.

    Cf. *garab- 'body; stomach' (No. ).

    [DRS 186]: HBR, ARM, ARB (incl. ǧarrīmat- 'queue' not attested in [BK]), ESA, ETH (also included are ARB YEM ǧarm 'couverture, vêtement faits de peaux de moutons cousues', SAB grm 'peau d'animal servant d'outre' and TGR gǝrm 'peau cousues'; comparisons semantically difficult); [KB 203]: HBR, ARM, ARB; [Brock 32]: SYR, ARM, HBR, ARB

    -ā- of the first syllable (vs. *-i- reconstructed for PSEM) may be explained by assimilation to *ā of the suffix -ān presumably prior to the Canaanite shift *ā > ō (cf. a similar development in HBR lāšōn vs. ARB lisān- 'tongue' < *lis-ān-)

    Likely <*gir-ān-; cf. *gʷargʷar- 'throat, gullet' (No. ) and *gargūm-at- 'throat' (No. ).

    C. SEM only unless AKK is related.

    Cf. AKK girrānu, garrānu '(ritual) wailing' [CAD g 89], gerrānu 'Wehklage' [AHw 285]; attested in SB texts, this word is also found as an Akkadism (GI.RA.NÚM) in SUM documents dated to OAkk and OB periods. May it be a special kind of wailing with an accent on guttural sounds?

    [DRS 175] (all under *gr): HBR, ARM, ARB, AKK (girrān- compared with a question mark); [KB 202]: HBR, ARM, ARB; [Brock 126]: SYR, ARB, HBR

    Note ǧat_āʔ- 'personne, individue' [ibid. 253]

    Strangely compared in [LS 118 apud Jahn] and [DRS 199] with MHR diŝŝet 'cadavre', phonetically uncomparable (not a single radical in common) and not found in [JM]; what is meant is probably gǝśśēt (see in *gVŝ-, No. )

    Note examples of what can be various meaning shifts: UGR m-gt_ 'ein Lamm, zum Schlachten geeignet' [Aist 71] (< 'corpse'?); SYR gawtā 'caro (fructus); putamen interius quercus' [Brock 110] (< 'flesh'?).

    To ARB ǧat_āʔ- 'personne, individue' very likely derived from this root with a shift 'body' > 'person/self', cf. EGYP (Pyr) ǯs 'Person; sellbst' (both < AFRASIAN *gVč-?).

    [Maizel 168; 197; 217]; [DRS 199]: NAB, ARB, SOQ (also MHR diŝŝet is compared, see comments above), UGR (mgt_, discussion); [LS 118]: SOQ, ARB, MHR (diŝŝet, see above)

    Translated as 'part of the foot' in [CAD s 284] with the following comment: "The restoration zi.in.gi in Hh. and Hg. assumes that the Akk. word incorporates the Sum. element" (zi.in.gi 'Knöchel' [IK 1187 apud AHw 488]). Note that the reading of this word as gaggurītu in [CAD g 9] is rejected in [CAD s 284]

    gangarta (sing.) is exceptional [ibid.]

    Likely related are non-reduplicated nominal stems in ETH with ʕ as the third radical serving a triconsonantizer: GEZ gʷǝrʕe, gurʕe 'throat, neck, palate' [LGz 200], TGR gǝrǝʕ, gǝrʕat 'neck, throat' [LH 576]; of a much broader spread in SEM are verbal stems of the same root *gʷrʕ: ARB ǧrʕ 'boire par gorgées, absorber' [BK 1 280]; ETH: GEZ gʷarʕaya 'to stab the throat, slaughter, strangle' [LGz 200], TNA gʷäraʕǝraʕ bälä 'gangirizzare' [Bass 870] (redupl.); cf. gärgaʕ bälä 'gorgogliare' [ibid. 830]), cf. EAST: HAR gōraʔa 'to slaughter' [LHar 74], SEL gōre, WOL gorä, ZWY gūrä do. [LGur 289] likely with the meaning shift 'to slaughter' < 'to strangle or stab the throat'; MSA: MHR gorā 'to finish up a drink' [JM 123], HRS gōra, gēro 'to drink up' [LH 41], JIB gɔ́traʕ 'to be all drunk, drunk up' [JJ 78] (stem with the infixed -t-), (?) SOQ ʕagíroh 'gorgée' [LS 298] (metathetic?). Cf. also ETH *gʷrʕm derived from *gʷrʕ with -m suffixed: GEZ gʷarʕama, gʷarʔema 'to draw blood with a suction cup' [LGz 201], TNA gʷärʕamä 'bere voracemente, a grandi sorsi' [LH 870], EAST: SEL gorrām, WOL gorram 'voracious, big eater' [LGur 294], GUR: MSQ END gōrām do. [ibid.].

    Possibly related are MHR gǝrgáyr, EAST JIB gǝrgír 'fish-trap' [JM 124]; the semantic development could be explained if the trap were of the narrow opening ("gorge") type.

    Related to *grgm and *girān-.

    [Maizel 168; 197; 217]; [Fron 46] (*gargat-at- /TNA,ARB ǯarǯara 'rumore dell'acqua nella gola',SYR,HBR,AKK) 'gola'; [DRS 175-77]: AKK, UGR, HBR, ARM, ARB; [DLU 151]: UGR, HBR, ARB; [KB 201-2]: HBR, TNA, ARB, ARM, AKK; [Brock 103]: SYR, HBR, ARB, AKK; [LGur 295]: GUR, ETH, HBR, ARB